Transitional justice refers to the ways of addressing the large scale or systematic Human and Humanitarian Rights violations in periods of transition from conflict and repression, that the normal system of criminal justice, due to the extent and severity of violations, is not able to provide them adequate and appropriate response. The mechanisms of Transitional justice are different, depending on the circumstances prevailing in the Transitional society. Transitional justice, is useing in different societies as a way to confront the legacies of oppression, war and violence. This, is accomplishing through mechanisms like criminal prosecution, truth-seeking, reparation, and institutional reforms. This paper, along with the conceptualization of Transitional justice and the introduction of its various criminal and non-criminal mechanisms during the transition period, examines the acceptability of these mechanisms in Transitional societies and their validity in terms of International Criminal Court.

This research was conducted to study and determine the negative effect of metal ions on whiteness of the chemimechanical pulp samples which are produced in Mazandaran Wood and Paper Mill. The chemimechanical pulp samples were prepared from the mill in unbleached from. EDTA chelating agent was used with concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% in order to neutralize the metal ions which cause further aging and yellowing of the CMP samples. Then, each sample was wetted with solutions containing metal elements of Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Al3+ and Mn2+ after drying. The obtained results revealed that the maximum effect in whiteness reduction belongs to the Fe2+ ion while the minimum effect is related to Al3+ ion. Moreover, it can be inferred from the results that wetting of the samples at different concentrations of the chelating agent (EDTA) has an optimal value in improvement of the whiteness characteristics of the paper. More than this optimal value, further increasing the EDTA concentration does not improve whiteness and brightness durability of the samples. Whiteness of the CMP degrades significantly by increasing the aging time.

Traditional justice mechanisms, mechanisms that are used recently along with other criminal and non-criminal mechanisms for doing justice in Transitional societies. Transitional societies such as Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda and Sierra Leone, used these mechanism for doing justice to violations that committed during the past regimes or civil wars. However, there is disagreement on the method of the use of these traditional justice mechanisms to achieve justice: Some believe that doing justice to international crimes imply criminal justice. In this regard, it is necessary to change these mechanisms to adapt with the principles of criminal justice. In this context, the traditional justice mechanism in Rwanda faced with fundamental changes and like a criminal court, prosecute and punish perpetrators of international crimes. In contrast, other Transitional societies such as Mozambique and Uganda, without such fundamental changes use them. This paper, with examining competing theories, argues that traditional justice mechanisms, without fundamental changes in Transitional societies have been successful.